Carbohydrates: 50 to 60 percent 2. Protein: 15 to 20 percent 3. Foods: salad, 3 vegetables, 3 fruits, whole grains, 24 fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, legumes, lean meat; minimal intake of refined sugars 3.
Counseling by professionals on weight reduction and exercise with regular follow-up and reinforcement 1 , 2.
Information from references 1 through 3 , and Patients in the intervention group were instructed to lose 5 percent of their body weight, limit fat intake to less than 30 percent of daily calories, limit saturated fat intake to less than 10 percent of daily calories, increase fiber intake to at least 15 g per 1, calories, and exercise moderately for at least minutes a week.
After 3. There also was a significant positive correlation between the ability to achieve lifestyle modifications and preventing progression to diabetes. Over six years of follow-up, the relative risk reduction in progression to diabetes was 31 percent in the diet group, 46 percent in the exercise group, and 42 percent in the combined group.
Although not as effective as lifestyle interventions, drug therapy with metformin and acarbose Precose has been shown to prevent the progression of IGT to diabetes. Food and Drug Administration has withdrawn this drug from the market because of liver toxicity. In the Diabetes Prevention Program, treatment with metformin was associated with 31 percent relative reduction in the progression of diabetes in patients with IGT.
The incidence of diabetes increased in the group that originally had been treated with acarbose, indicating that this drug therapy must be continued to maintain preventive effects. Lifestyle interventions Table 5 1 — 3 , 24 can be difficult to implement because it is impractical for the usual family practice systems to provide intensive dietary and exercise interventions similar to those used in clinical trials.
However, lifestyle interventions are highly effective and superior to drug therapy, and should be the first choice in treating patients with IGT or IFG. Although pharmacologic agents have been shown to be successful in preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes, whether these agents can prevent complications of diabetes or protect against cardiovascular disease remains unknown. Routine use of pharmacologic agents as a substitute for lifestyle modification should be discouraged until more studies have been conducted and the cost-effectiveness of drug therapy has been assessed.
A healthier lifestyle can modify other risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Drug therapy can be considered when aggressive lifestyle interventions are unsuccessful.
The U. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening fortype 2 diabetes in adults with hypertension or hyperlipidemia.
There is strong evidence that a structured program of diet and exercisecan reduce the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Already a member or subscriber?
Log in. Interested in AAFP membership? Learn more. He received his medical degree from Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, and completed a family practice residency at the University of Minnesota Methodist Hospital, St. Louis Park. She also completed a master of biology degree at Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
Address correspondence to Shobha S. Rao, M. Rao swmcdallas. Reprints are not available from the authors. The authors indicate that they do not have any conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: none reported. The authors thank Sandra Mulkey, R. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.
N Engl J Med. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. Prim Care. Capes S, Anand S. What is type 2 diabetes? Evidence-based diabetes care.
Hamilton, Ont. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: an analysis of six prospective studies. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention.
Diabet Med. Comparison of diabetes diagnostic categories in the U. National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, Md. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. All of these statements are true. A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies that You correctly answered: b.
A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that You correctly answered: c. Glucagon is a hormone You correctly answered: b. The healthcare provider will inform him that You correctly answered: c. To obtain an accurate spectrophotometric measurement of the glucose concentration in the sample You correctly answered: d. You correctly answered: b. The healthcare provider will inform her that You correctly answered: a.
To maintain plasma glucose homeostasis You correctly answered: d. A laboratory technician withdraws a blood sample from a vein in your upper arm knowing that You correctly answered: b.
Did you correctly predict how you would measure the amount of plasma glucose in a patient sample using the glucose standard curve? Your answer: The glucose standard curve is a method of monitoring blood glucose over a period to identify patterns and peaks in glucose levels? The prediction is a wrong depiction of how the curve works, the optical density is measured and then the glucose concentration is extrapolated using the curve? Using an unclean needle or lancet can lead to an infection.
Doctors can also prescribe insulin and other medication that help stabilize blood sugar levels. Learn more about low-glycemic foods here. People can lower high blood sugar by:.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can affect how the body produces and responds to insulin. When insulin is only available in smaller quantities, or cells no longer respond to it, sugar does not enter these cells and remains in the blood.
Type 1 diabetes: The beta cells that make insulin in the pancreas are damaged or destroyed, so sugar stays in the blood for longer. Type 2 diabetes: The cells in the liver, muscles, and fat tissue no longer respond to insulin, and they release more sugar into the blood.
The beta cells not producing enough insulin compounds in this situation. People who have diabetes can experience high blood sugar levels, or hyperglycemia, because the cells in their body cannot absorb sugar from the blood.
If people take too much insulin, exercise more than usual, or skip a meal, they may experience low blood sugar levels, or hypoglycemia. Regularly monitoring blood sugar levels is a vital aspect of diabetes treatment. Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can lead to long-term health conditions, including vision loss, heart disease, and kidney disease. Read the article in Spanish. Diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to a number of symptoms and complications.
Find out more about how to spot the symptoms of type 1 and…. Blood sugar or blood glucose supplies energy from food to all the cells in the body. Diabetes happens when healthy sugar levels are not maintained. In addition to medication, the diet plays an essential role in diabetes management. Certain foods can help stabilize insulin and blood sugar levels…. Dietary glucose is the body's main source of energy.
People with diabetes are unable to absorb it correctly, so it stays in the bloodstream. Doctors use various tests to detect type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Here, learn about these tests, including how to prepare for them, what….
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