It is important to understand if one of these conditions is behind the formation of calcium phosphate stones. Good hydration can help prevent recurrence of calcium stones. In addition, thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide can help the kidney absorb more calcium, leaving less of it in the urine where it can form stones.
Potassium citrate is another medication that can bind to calcium and help keep calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the urine from forming into stones. Instead their urine is too acidic. When that happens, normal levels of uric acid dissolve into the urine where it can crystalize into stones.
Adjusting the pH of the urine, most commonly with the medication potassium citrate, reduces the risk of uric acid stone formation and can also help dissolve existing stones. Sodium bicarbonate can also be used to alkalinize the urine. Some people with uric acid stones do produce high amounts of uric acid. For these patients, eating less animal protein can help, as can a drug called allopurinol. Struvite stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, and form in alkaline urine.
The most common cause of struvite stones is a bacterial infection that raises the urine pH to neutral or alkaline. Acetohydroxamic acid AHA can reduce urine pH and ammonia levels and help dissolve stones.
Cystinuria is a genetic condition. It results in high levels of cystine an amino acid in the urine, which then forms into kidney stones. Most cystine stones can be managed by increasing hydration and medications that change the pH of the urine.
That said, it is important to have a thorough discussion with a urologist about the right approach to evaluation, treatment, and strategies to keep new stones from forming. Prevalence of Kidney Stones in the United States. European Urology , July Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , July Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study.
The Journal of Urology , March Some small stones pass through the kidney and urinary tract with little discomfort, while larger ones can block the flow of urine and impair kidney function. Kidney stones can also result in blood in the urine hematuria or kidney or urinary tract infections.
Unusually large stones or stones that are difficult to pass can be medically removed. Although there are many types of kidney stones, four main types are classified by the material they are made of. Up to 75 percent of all kidney stones are composed primarily of calcium. Stones can also be made up of uric acid a normal waste product , cystine a protein building block , or struvite a phosphate mineral. Stones form when there is more of the compound in the urine than can be dissolved.
This imbalance can occur when there is an increased amount of the material in the urine, a reduced amount of liquid urine, or a combination of both.
People are most likely to develop kidney stones between ages 40 and 60, though the stones can appear at any age.
Research shows that 35 to 50 percent of people who have one kidney stone will develop additional stones, usually within 10 years of the first stone. In the United States, 9 percent of women and 19 percent of men develop kidney stones in their lifetime.
Caucasians are more likely to develop kidney stones than African Americans. Genetic changes can increase the risk of developing kidney stones, often acting in combination with a variety of environmental and lifestyle factors. Most genes involved in the condition are important for transmitting chemical signals from outside cells to inside cells or transporting materials in and out of cells.
These processes help regulate the levels of various materials within cells, including the minerals and compounds that make up kidney stones. One treatment option is shock wave lithotripsy.
This treatment uses shock waves to break up the kidney stones into small pieces. After the treatment, the small pieces of the kidney stone will pass through your urinary tract and out of your body with your urine. This treatment usually takes 45 minutes to one hour and may be done under general anesthesia, which means you will be asleep and unable to feel pain. Another treatment option is ureteroscopy. This treatment is also done under general anesthesia.
The doctor uses a long tool shaped like a tube to find and remove the stone or to find and break the stone into small pieces. If the stone is small, the doctor may be able to remove it. If it is large, it may need to be broken into pieces. In this case, a laser will be used to break the stone into pieces that are small enough to pass through your urinary tract.
In rare cases, a surgery called percutaneous nephrolithotomy is needed to remove a kidney stone. During the surgery, a tube will be inserted directly into your kidney to remove the stone. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Science News. ScienceDaily, 18 April Washington University in St. Kidney stone mystery solved: Why some people are more prone to develop kidney stones. Retrieved November 12, from www. The findings may be useful for predicting individuals' risk of developing kidney stones and This landmark discovery opens door for This early work opens the possibility of developing drugs which may help prevent Growing evidence suggests that the incidence of kidney stones is increasing ScienceDaily shares links with sites in the TrendMD network and earns revenue from third-party advertisers, where indicated.
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